Optical networks refer to communication systems in which information is transmitted through optical fibers, primarily using light as the carrier signal. These networks are capable of transmitting large amounts of data at high speeds over long distances, making them ideal for applications such as telecommunication, internet connectivity, and data center networking. Optical networks typically consist of optical transmitters, receivers, amplifiers, and switches to transmit, amplify, and control the flow of data through the network. The use of light as the carrier signal enables optical networks to achieve higher bandwidth and lower latency compared to traditional electrical-based networks. Research in optical networks focuses on improving the performance, efficiency, and reliability of these systems, as well as exploring new techniques for overcoming challenges such as signal degradation, network congestion, and security vulnerabilities. Key areas of research in optical networks include wavelength division multiplexing, optical packet switching, software-defined networking, and optical cross-connects.